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runways at 15

       locations are gravel, sea-ice, blue-ice, or compacted snow suitable

       for landing wheeled, fixed-wing aircraft; of these, 1 is greater

       than 3 km in length, 6 are between 2 km and 3 km in length, 3 are

       between 1 km and 2 km in length, 3 are less than 1 km in length, and

       2 are of unknown length; snow surface skiways, limited to use by

       ski-equipped, fixed-wing aircraft, are available at another 15

       locations; of these, 4 are greater than 3 km in length, 3 are

       between 2 km and 3 km in length, 2 are between 1 km and 2 km in

       length, 2 are less than 1 km in length, and 4 are of unknown length;

       aircraft landing facilities generally subject to severe restrictions

       and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic

       conditions; aircraft landing facilities do not meet ICAO standards;

       advance approval from the respective governmental or nongovernmental

       operating organization required for landing; landed aircraft are

       subject to inspection in accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty

       (2003 est.)

      Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 20 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

      Heliports:

       27 stations have restricted helicopter landing facilities

       (helipads) (2003 est.)

      Military Antarctica

      Military - note:

       the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature,

       such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the

       carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of

       weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for

       scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes

      Transnational Issues Antarctica

      Disputes - international:

       Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary in

       Government type entry); sections (some overlapping) claimed by

       Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK; the US and

       most other states do not recognize the territorial claims of other

       states and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve

       the right to do so); no claims have been made in the sector between

       90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; several states with land

       claims in Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data

       to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to

       extend their continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges

      This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

      ======================================================================

      @Antigua and Barbuda

      Introduction Antigua and Barbuda

      Background:

       The Siboney were the first to inhabit the islands of Antigua and

       Barbuda in 2400 B.C., but Arawak and Carib Indians populated the

       islands when Columbus landed on his second voyage in 1493. Early

       settlements by the Spanish and French were succeeded by the English

       who formed a colony in 1667. Slavery, established to run the sugar

       plantations on Antigua, was abolished in 1834. The islands became an

       independent state within the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1981.

      Geography Antigua and Barbuda

      Location:

       Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic

       Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico

      Geographic coordinates:

       17 03 N, 61 48 W

      Map references:

       Central America and the Caribbean

      Area:

       total: 443 sq km (Antigua 280 sq km; Barbuda 161 sq km)

       water: 0 sq km

       note: includes Redonda, 1.6 sq km

       land: 443 sq km

      Area - comparative:

       2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

      Land boundaries:

       0 km

      Coastline:

       153 km

      Maritime claims:

       territorial sea: 12 nm

       continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

       exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

       contiguous zone: 24 nm

      Climate:

       tropical; little seasonal temperature variation

      Terrain:

       mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher

       volcanic areas

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

       highest point: Boggy Peak 402 m

      Natural resources:

       NEGL; pleasant climate fosters tourism

      Land use: arable land: 18.18% permanent crops: 4.55% other: 77.27% (2001)

      Irrigated land:

       NA sq km

      Natural hazards:

       hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts

      Environment - current issues: water management - a major concern because of limited natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by the clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to run off quickly

      Environment - international agreements:

       party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

       Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

       Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

       Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

       signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

      Geography - note:

       Antigua has a deeply indented shoreline with many natural harbors

       and beaches; Barbuda has a very large western harbor

      People Antigua and Barbuda

      Population:

       68,320 (July 2004 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 28.1% (male 9,761; female 9,429)

       15–64 years: 67.6% (male 23,179; female 23,023)

       65 years and over: 4.3% (male 1,151; female 1,777) (2004 est.)

      Median age:

       total: 29.4 years

       male: 28.9 years

       female: 29.9 years (2004

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