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to 2,437 m: 5 under 914 m: 480 (2004 est.) 914 to 1,523 m: 27

      Heliports: 22 (2003 est.)

      Military Indonesia

      Military branches:

       Indonesia Armed Forces (TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL,

       including Marines, Naval Air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)

      Military manpower - military age and obligation:

       18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;

       conscript service obligation - 2 years (2002)

      Military manpower - availability:

       males age 15–49: 66,458,805 (2004 est.)

      Military manpower - fit for military service:

       males age 15–49: 38,728,029 (2004 est.)

      Military manpower - reaching military age annually:

       males: 2,196,424 (2004 est.)

      Military expenditures - dollar figure:

       $1 billion (FY98)

      Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

       1.3% (FY98)

      Transnational Issues Indonesia

      Disputes - international:

       East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey

       and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundary

       remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty

       of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which

       hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; numbers of East

       Timor refugees in Indonesia refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty

       between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime

       boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and

       Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 prompted Indonesia to assert

       claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands;

       Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create

       repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea

      Refugees and internally displaced persons:

       IDPs: 535,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most

       IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Maluku, and Central Sulawesi

       Provinces) (2004)

      Illicit drugs:

       illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible

       growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin

      This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

      ======================================================================

      @Iran

      Introduction Iran

      Background:

       Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979

       after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and the shah was forced

       into exile. Conservative clerical forces established a theocratic

       system of government with ultimate political authority nominally

       vested in a learned religious scholar. Iranian-US relations have

       been strained since a group of Iranian students seized the US

       Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until 20 January

       1981. During 1980–88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq

       that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes

       between US Navy and Iranian military forces between 1987–1988. Iran

       has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for its activities

       in Lebanon and elsewhere in the world and remains subject to US

       economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued

       involvement. Following the elections of a reformist President and

       Majlis in the late 1990s, attempts to foster political reform in

       response to popular dissatisfaction have floundered as conservative

       politicians have prevented reform measures from being enacted,

       increased repressive measures, and consolidated their control over

       the government.

      Geography Iran

      Location:

       Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the

       Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan

      Geographic coordinates:

       32 00 N, 53 00 E

      Map references:

       Middle East

      Area:

       total: 1.648 million sq km

       land: 1.636 million sq km

       water: 12,000 sq km

      Area - comparative:

       slightly larger than Alaska

      Land boundaries:

       total: 5,440 km

       border countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km,

       Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq

       1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km

      Coastline:

       2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

      Maritime claims:

       territorial sea: 12 nm

       continental shelf: natural prolongation

       contiguous zone: 24 nm

       exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the

       Persian Gulf

      Climate:

       mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

      Terrain:

       rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts,

       mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Caspian Sea −28 m

       highest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m

      Natural resources:

       petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead,

       manganese, zinc, sulfur

      Land use: arable land: 8.72% permanent crops: 1.39% other: 89.89% (2001)

      Irrigated land:

       75,620 sq km (1998 est.)

      Natural hazards:

       periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes

      Environment - current issues:

       air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions,

       refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation;

       overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf;

       wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination);

       inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw

      

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