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      ibidem-Press, Stuttgart

      For all their permeability, the borders snaking across the world have never been of greater importance. This is the dance of history in our age: slow, slow, quick, quick, slow, back and forth and from side to side, we step across these fixed and shifting lines.

      -Salman Rushdie

      Contents

       Foreword

       Preface

       Introduction

       Contemporary Fiction as a Cultural Map of Migration

       Statelessness and the Tensions between Open Borders and the Claims of Community

       Rejection, Reconstruction and Erosion of Borders: The Identity Path of Grisélidis Réal

       A Place Not Our Own: Gulf Emigration and Bordered Lives in Benyamin’s Jasmine Days

       Challenges and Resistance to the Partition of Bengal: Impact of Baul and Marafati Oral Tradition

       Bordering the Screen: Separation Themes in Popular Film and Television

       Representation of Incarcerated Women in Orange is the New Black: An Intersectional Feminist Approach

       Tracks and Borders: Railways in Ray’s Apu Trilogy

       Oceanic Borders: Climate Refugees, Borders and Extinction in the Necrocene

       Fuzzy (B)ordering: More than Human Agencies and the Ethics of (Dis)avowal

       ‘I alone . . . was on both sides’: The Hyphenated Self in Hélène Cixous’s Reveries of the Wild Woman

       Borders in South Asia: Language, Culture and Religion from Colonialism to Globalization

       Missing Links or the Diasporic Journey of a Rebel: A Study of H P Malet’s Lost Links in Indian Mutiny (1867)

       Un-blinding Doctrine and Exiting ‘Molar Lines’ in Arnold’s The Scholar Gipsy

       Reorganising (B)orders: Reading the Women’s Writing in Colonial Bengal

       Erasing the Borders: Tagore’s Engagement with the Subalterns in Sahaj Path

       Contributors

Foreword

      The world has never been more mobile, more connected, never more characterised by the movement of refugees and asylum seekers and as nation states move hysterically to protect their borders from this mobile precariat, borders have become the most significant and most questioned phenomenon in the globalised world. So what would the world look like without borders? How might the utopian dream of a borderless world come about? Could rich nations open their borders with no regard for the control of migration? Could some nations and not others open their borders? These questions make us realise how recalcitrant borders are in political life. The ideology of the nation and the rigidity of its borders often preclude us thinking of any alternative. In the words of a US President who wants to build a wall along the Mexican border, “if you don’t have borders you don’t have a nation.” The apparent impossibility of a borderless world is due not only to the spectre raised by this mobility of people, but to the most destructive force of modern times, the force that keeps borders in place—nationalism. Nationalism is always complicated by ethnocentrism, racism and populism and as nationalism proliferates, violence increases.

      Borders could only be dissolved if the distinction that holds them in place—between rich and poor nations, democratic and undemocratic, colonised and colonising, the nation and its others, us and them—was itself dissolved. In other words borders maintain the system of inequality without which modern global capitalism (and national antipathy) could not function. If rich nations opened their borders the poor would flood in putting untenable demands on resources. Like a racial melting pot “big enough to take the world and all it’s got” as the song goes, a borderless world might lead to equality, increase the wealth of the poor, and reduce the wealth of the wealthy. But at what level of economic and cultural security would it settle?

      Borders exist because of fear and that fear is increasing. At the end of World War II, there were seven border walls or fences in the world. By the time the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, there were 15. Today, there are at least 77 walls or fences—half of which were erected since 2001. But the interesting thing about walls throughout history, the Great Wall of China, Hadrian’s Wall, the Berlin wall, is that they all eventually failed. While these contemporary boundary fences may be seen as a terrified response to the phenomenon of global mobility they may also be seen in a different way as a sign of the productive force of border crossers.

      As Salman Rushdie says “The frontier is an elusive line, visible and invisible, physical and metaphorical, amoral and moral.” So there are many frontiers, many boundaries that we cross every day. But there is, of course, a deeply psychological dimension to boundaries: we understand who we are by determining who we are not. Our ‘others’ define us. Although borders go hand in hand with the emergence of nations they go deep into the history of Western modernity and its notions of space and time. Boundaries and ocularcentrism became inextricable in Western epistemology. As works in social theory, philosophy and human geography make abundantly clear western thinking proceeds according to the metaphors of visuality. The ocularcentrism of western thought is inseparable from the notion of boundaries.

      The central issue of transnational/diasporic studies as many of the following essays reveal, is the crossing of borders, a crossing that leads to various kinds of conflicts and tensions. In Step Across This Line (2002), Salman Rushdie says: ‘Good writing assumes a frontierless nation. Writers who serve frontiers have become border guards.’ The literary accounts of journeys across national boundaries belong with these stories of the journey of becoming. “In our deepest natures,” says Rushdie, “we are frontier-crossing beings. We know this by the stories we tell ourselves; for we are story-telling animals, too.” (76)

      What is a border? We tend to think of borders as geographical, as outlining territory, particularly the territory of a nation. The wall and the fence appear to embody them completely. But boundaries are profoundly ideological. A border is not a thing but a practice, a practice that produces power relationships, and establishes inequalities between those who are in and those who are not. Most importantly, perhaps, borders are synonymous with global capitalism and the precarity it constructs by constituting migrants as exploitable workers and individuals with low status and limited rights. Borders are both a consequence and a production of power relationships. And the process

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