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       America and the Long 19th Century

      General Editors

      David Kazanjian, Elizabeth McHenry, and Priscilla Wald

       Black Frankenstein: The Making of an American Metaphor

      Elizabeth Young

       Neither Fugitive nor Free: Atlantic Slavery, Freedom Suits, and the Legal Culture of Travel

      Edlie L. Wong

       Shadowing the White Man’s Burden: U.S. Imperialism and the Problem of the Color Line

      Gretchen Murphy

       Bodies of Reform: The Rhetoric of Character in Gilded-Age America

      James B. Salazar

       Empire’s Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines

      Meg Wesling

       Sites Unseen: Architecture, Race, and American Literature

      William A. Gleason

       Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights

      Robin Bernstein

       American Arabesque: Arabs and Islam in the Nineteenth Century Imaginary

      Jacob Rama Berman

       Racial Indigestion: Eating Bodies in the Nineteenth Century

      Kyla Wazana Tompkins

       Idle Threats: Men and the Limits of Productivity in Nineteenth-Century America

      Andrew Lyndon Knighton

       The Traumatic Colonel: The Founding Fathers, Slavery, and the Phantasmatic Aaron Burr

      Michael J. Drexler and Ed White

      Unsettled States: Nineteenth-Century American Literary StudiesEdited by Dana Luciano and Ivy G. Wilson

      Sitting in Darkness: Mark Twain, Asia, and Comparative RacializationHsuan L. Hsu

      Picture Freedom: Remaking Black Visuality in the Early Nineteenth CenturyJasmine Nichole Cobb

      Picture Freedom

      Remaking Black Visuality in the Early Nineteenth Century

      Jasmine Nichole Cobb

      New York University Press

      New York and London

      New York University Press

      New York and London

       www.nyupress.org

      © 2015 by New York University

      All rights reserved

      ISBN: 978-1-4798-1722-1 (hardback)

      ISBN: 978-1-4798-2977-4 (paper)

      For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data, please contact the Library of Congress.

      References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.

      New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books.

      Manufactured in the United States of America

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      A book in the American Literatures Initiative (ALI), a collaborative publishing project of NYU Press, Fordham University Press, Rutgers University Press, Temple University Press, and the University of Virginia Press. The Initiative is supported by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. For more information, please visit www.americanliteratures.org

      For the ladies, especially Lottie Cobb and Helen Webster

      Contents

      Acknowledgments

      Introduction: Parlor Fantasies, Parlor Nightmares

      1. A Peculiarly “Ocular” Institution

      2. Optics of Respectability: Women, Vision, and the Black Private Sphere

      3. “Look! A Negress”: Public Women, Private Horrors, and the White Ontology of the Gaze

      4. Racial Iconography: Freedom and Black Citizenship in the Antebellum North

      5. Racing the Transatlantic Parlor: Blackness at Home and Abroad

      Epilogue: The Specter of Black Freedom

      Notes

      Index

      About the Author

      Acknowledgments

      This book is complete because of an extensive network of family, friends, colleagues, and students who supported me throughout the process. I first owe endless gratitude to the Black women of this study who left an archive for me to consider and lived their freedom in ways that continue to defy documentation. In tracing their lives, I first visited holdings at the Library Company of Philadelphia, with support from their Andrew Mellon fellowship program. I am forever indebted to Phillip Lapsansky for his vast knowledge and good nature, and also to Erika Piola, Cornelia King, Charlene Knight, Krystal Appiah, and Nicole Joniec, who make the Library Company a place to which I will always return.

      New York University Press is another significant institution that shaped this project. I appreciate the commitment of Eric Zinner and Alicia Nadkarni, editors for the “America in the Long Nineteenth Century” series, the American Literatures Initiative, and, most especially, my editors, Badia Ahad and Cecelia Cancellaro.

      My intellectual community is vast and charitable. John L. Jackson Jr., my advisor, has offered unwavering support for my ideas, and me, even from the very beginning; I continue to rely on his guidance and friendship. Kali N. Gross, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, and Paul Messaris read the earliest iterations of these ideas, along with Oscar Gandy Jr., offering critical insights. Beverly Henry, Nadine Gabbadon, and Robin Stevens, along with Khadijah White and Aymar Christian, helped me thrive at the University of Pennsylvania, making the Annenberg School for Communication a place in which I could study. Dan Berger, Gershun Avalez, and Tshepo Chéry variously continue to amaze me, inspire me, and keep me honest. Then and now, Riley Snorton remains a generous reader, great counsel and a good friend. Shawnika Hull, added much robustness to my life in Philadelphia and remains a close confidant.

      I am also thankful to the Africana Research Center at Pennsylvania State University for fellowship and an expanded community. I am grateful to Lovalerie King, Cary Fraser, Tracy Beckett, Kirt Wilson, Dawn Noren, Alyssa Garcia, and especially Ariane Cruz. I count them among a network of mentors and dear friends, to include Robin Means Coleman, Maghan Keita, Crystal Lucky, Carol Anthony, Teresa Nance, Ed Goff, Charles Cherry, Kevin Miles, Bryan Crable, Marcia Dawkins, Deborah A. Thomas, Martha Jones, Daphne Brooks and Erica Armstrong Dunbar.

      Northwestern University has offered the support of generous colleagues, including Angela Ray, who read a full draft, along with E. Patrick Johnson and Jan Radway, the ever-luminous Richard Iton, Jasmine Johnson, Huey Copeland, Joshua Chambers-Letson, Miriam Petty, Michelle Wright, D. Soyini Madison, Dilip Gaonkar, Bob Hariman, and Pablo Boczkowski. I appreciate the helpful administration, as well as the Northwestern University Research Grants Committee, which provided partial funding for this publication. Also, a special thank-you to the students

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