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      Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541j JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

      Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

      Indoor Photovoltaics

      Materials, Modeling and Applications

      Edited by

       Monika Freunek Müller

      This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

      © 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLC

      For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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      Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      ISBN 978-1-119-60559-1

      Cover image: Top right: GaAs photovoltaic array integrated on a microsystem, placed on top of a US penny. Photo by Inhee Lee and Eun Seong Moon, University of Michigan

      Other images provide by the Editor

      Cover design by Russell Richardson

      Indoor photovoltaics (IPV) has grown in importance over recent years. This can in part be attributed to the creation of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) along with the vast amounts of data being processed in the field, which have been a massive accelerator for this development. Moreover, since energy conservation is being imposed as the national strategy of many countries and is being set as a top priority throughout the world, understanding and promoting IPV as the most promising indoor energy harvesting source is considered by many to be essential these days.

      There are many contributing factors as to why this book is so special. First of all, I would like to deeply thank all the authors from around the world who found the time to contribute chapters on top of their world-class research, industrial work, and the launch of companies, projects and actual rockets. The book has exceeded my expectations in many ways. Not only did we manage to cover all topics that are essential for building an IPV device, but this book actually contributes to the research in the field. It has yielded collaborations among the chapter authors and the research community, many of which will hopefully be a seed for long-lasting and growing collaborations. Many chapters contain original research that was performed solely for this book, and some chapters contain work that is being published for the first time for a larger audience. On top of all that, the book was already in steady demand even during its writing.

      Finally, I would like thank my publisher, Martin Scrivener, for his great and always helpful support, and Jean Markovich, who did outstanding work in copyediting the chapters. I am most grateful for this opportunity and the joy this work brings.

      I hope, you, the reader, will find this book helpful in designing and understanding your IPV system.

       Monika Freunek Müller

      Bern, Switzerland, August 2020

       Joseph A. Paradiso

       MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

      Abstract Advances in ultra-low-power electronics capable of useful applications have caused interest in energy harvesting to balloon in recent years. When needed power drops to the point where harvesting is feasible, however, an embedded battery presents serious competition for many use cases, and the particulars tend to rapidly become niche-driven, as they depend on the ambient energy environment that the system experiences. Photovoltaics have long been a popular energy harvesting option, and recent developments expand their opportunities for low-light indoor applications.

      Keywords: Indoor photovoltaics, energy scavenging, low-power electronics, human-powered systems, Internet of Things

      I’m going to start this book introduction with a confession. Although I’m known for developing a variety of energy harvesting approaches and implementations dating back a couple of decades now, I’ve never actually really used any of them. Yes, we and others back then and since [1–4] siphoned parasitic power from various modes of human motion and activity – for example, from footfalls alone, my students and I made compact shoe-mounted piezo harvesters in the late 1990s that sent radio transmissions and shoe-integrated magnetic generators that could power a music system with loudspeakers [5, 6]. Others since have done more evolved work in siphoning power from the foot [e.g., 7, 8], and even products or online DIY projects have appeared [e.g., 9–11], but nothing has hit even close to the mainstream or for that matter even established a strong niche market. The dream of capturing energy from human motion is an opium to the public

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