Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants - Bharat Singh

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alt="Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Stearic acid and anthraquinone."/> Illustration of the tautomeric structures of fistula flavonoid and Rubiadin. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Kaempferol derivatives. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of rhein and Chrysophanol. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Epicatechin, furanoflavanone, and Aloe emodin. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Kaempferol and Vidalenolone. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of hydroxyflavanone and Hydroxyartonin E. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of dimethoxyflavone, Catechin, and trans-Cinnamic acid. Illustration of the tautomeric structure of epiafzelechin. Illustration of the tautomeric structure of epiafzelechin 4β-benzylthioether. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Epiafzelechin and Afzelin. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of epiafzelechin and Luteolin. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of epiafzelechin and Quercitrin. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Isoquercitrin, Epiafzelechin, and 3-Methoxyluteolin. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Hydroxycassine and Betulinic acid. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Cassine and spectaline. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of acetylcassine and hydroxyspectaline. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Iso-6-spectaline and Fistulic acid. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of methoxyanthraquinone and 5-Hydroxy emodin. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of anthraquinone and Floribundone 1. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of methylanthraquinone and Floribundone 2. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of dimethoxyanthraquinone and methylanthraquinone. Illustration of the tautomeric structure of an anthraquinone. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of methylanthraquinone and Citreorosein. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of methylanthraquinone and Emodic acid. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of methylanthraquinone and Alternin-1-O-à-D-glucoside. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Obtusifolin and Racemochrysone. Illustration of the tautomeric structures of Sengulone, Cassiamin A, and Cassiamin B. Illustration of the tautomeric structure of Chrobisiamone A.

      Callus cultures of Cassia bicapsularis were established on solid MS basal medium supplemented with different growth regulators. Maximum growth of callus was obtained in medium with supplementation of 2,4-D and with dark periods. The formed callus was compact and yellowish brown in color and used for cell suspension culture studies. Maximum biomass of cells was achieved in medium supplemented with 2,4-D and kinetin. Initially the growth rate of cells was slow, but later growth of biomass increased gradually over a period of three weeks and reached maximum at fifth week (Abdel-Rahman et al. 2013). Effects of growth hormones on growth of cell biomass and production of phenolic compounds in C. fistula cells were examined. The production of polyphenols was largely dependent on the concentration of growth hormones in the culture medium. The accumulation of phenolic materials was essentially restricted to the most rapid phase of the growth cycle. The changes in peroxidase activity patterns were followed and their relationship with polyphenol synthesis is established (Shah et al. 1976). It has been reported that higher concentration of sucrose increased the production of polyphenols, but the combination of 2,4-D and kinetin inhibited the production (Bahorun et al. 2005).

      The concentration of sennosides in cell cultures varies as per the type of cells and the composition of the culture medium. The optimized culture medium supports the induction of rapid biosynthesis of sennosides (Srivastava et al. 2006). The production of anthraquinones in the calli of Cassia senna was induced by addition of magnesium acetate, shikimic acid, 2,4-D, and kinetin in the culture medium (Spoke and Abdulahi 1978), but several authors have declined by expressing their views in the correlation of biosynthesis and growth hormones (Godoy-Hernandez and Loyola-Vargas 1991). Higher concentration of saccharose induces the growth of cells and synthesis of polyphenols in the C. fistula cell cultures. The induction of the biosynthesis of polyphenols is affected by the 2,4-D and kinetin, and the accumulation of polyphenols is dependent on the concentration of sugars in the growth medium (Mehta 2012).

      Hairy roots of Senna alata were transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes and grown in half-strength MS medium. Hairy roots were cultured on hormone-free half-strength MS medium supplemented with 5% sucrose and when incubated under dark condition mostly stimulated the growth of hairy roots and increased the yield of sennosides A and B (Putaluna et al. 2006; Dave and Ledwani 2012). The L-phenylalanine incorporation in the culture media of 36-month-old calli of C. fistula increased the production of polyphenolic compounds (Neergheen and Bahorun 2002). In this order, the quercetin and emodin were estimated in in vivo leaves and in vitro calli of C. tora (Nandani et al. 2013; Saito et al. 2012).

      Rotenoids are a group of ketonic compounds having chromanone ring structure. The recovery of rotenoids was found to be maximum in the roots and minimum in the stem of C. occidentalis. The isolated compounds were found to effective against Anopheles stephensi larvae with lethal concentration. Precursors were fed to increase the rotenoid production in vitro. Phenylalanine and methionine increased the production

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