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Ratio et Fides. Robert E. Wood
Читать онлайн.Название Ratio et Fides
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isbn 9781498245920
Автор произведения Robert E. Wood
Жанр Словари
Издательство Ingram
Further, the foundation of this mediation is the primal institution: language. It is the clearest indication that we are not self-made humans but are essentially embedded in tradition. Language has two central modes: spoken and written. It can also be signed by hand signals or semaphore or embossed in braille.
Human are believed to have existed on the earth for some one and three-quarters million years. Writing emerged very recently, around 3000 BC. It changed essentially our relations to time and space and to one another. The mailbox functions in terms of written communication.
Finally, the mailbox functions in the absence of the person or persons addressed. There are essential differences between the ways in which persons, animals, plants, and nonliving things present themselves and the ways they are absent.
The general features uncovered reflectively from what we already know functionally furnish the bases for the “big questions” and the test for the adequacy of the answers offered in terms of how such answers do justice to the whole field of experience. The inventory of such features is presupposed but not made explicit in the attempt to interpret scripture and tradition in theology.
* * * *
PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE MAILBOX
Earlier in the century Adolph Reinach, one of the pupils of Edmund Husserl, founder of phenomenology, devoted an entire semester to a course on the phenomenology of the mailbox. Given the great questions of human origins and destiny, human freedom and responsibility, and the meaning of the cosmos, such inquiry seems trivial. However, these larger questions arise on the basis of certain features of the field of human experience in their different relations. And it is features that appear in the field of such experience in their peculiar modes of togetherness that furnish the evidence for testing the larger claims. People are free to make whatever ultimate claims they wish, but it is only appropriate evidence that tests the validity of those claims, so that the prior quest should be a making explicit of the initial forms of evidence that found our theoretical claims. Such is the role of phenomenology or the discipline that attends to the essential features of what is given within the field of experience. Such givenness entails both features of objects of attention and the always, but usually only implicitly present, features of the conscious subject in the togetherness of his or her different acts of attending.
The mailbox has a certain advantage in that recognizing and using it involves several different strata in its appearance. It is first of all an object within our sensory fields: we see it and take hold of it. When we open it, it emits a certain sound. We might also smell and, less likely, taste it. Second, it is an artifact which exhibits features over and beyond its being like sensory objects of nature. Third, it functions within the mediations of institutions like the production and exchange systems which manufacture and sell mailboxes. But we buy it in order to function within the postal system. Fourth, it presents the written word, which is to be set in contrast with and in relation to the spoken word. Fifth, it involves the absence of the communicator, which is to be set in contrast with and in relation to his or her presence. We could go on to consider other features, but let us limit ourselves to the five we have listed—at least for the time being: empirical objectivity in general, artifaction, institutional mediation, writing and speech, intersubjective presence and absence. In and through all these considerations we have to attend to the differing intentional acts or modes of attending involved in such layers of recognition.
What we are after in philosophy are the basic concepts that determine a given field, not the particulars that may occur or be discovered in that field. Thus we are not as such interested in seeing this or that but in what is essential to seeing and what is essential to being seen. In the form of first philosophy or ontology or metaphysics (it has been given different names historically), philosophy is after the basic concepts that are found in all things. In fact, it takes one of its names, ontology, from the most basic of notions, the notion of being (Greek to on, genitive tou ontos). We will make a great deal out of that in studying the thinkers and the matters about which they speak.
For purposes of better illustrating some points, let us consider a rural mailbox set on a post by a roadside at some distance from the house and encompassed by the rolling fields of farmland.
1.
Consider first the mailbox as a visual object. It has a kind of silver-gray surface set upon a light brown post. On one side it has a moveable little red flag attached to a pivot. To appear as a visual object it must exhibit a certain color or set of colors. Even the so-called color-blind see shades of black, white, and gray. What appears as colored must be extended, ultimately linked to three-dimensional solids which have an inside and an outside. In the case of the mailbox proper, it has a hollow inside. In the case of the post upon which it is mounted, it has a full inside. Further, it can only appear in a space separated from the viewer and filled with light. The filled space does not extend indefinitely: it appears within a horizon as the limit to the field of vision. We look out beyond the mailbox to the surrounding hills, beyond which perhaps we see the sky and the clouds. Such horizoned space moves ahead of us as we move forward. We carry it with us as a kind of psychic hoopskirt, though it is not merely psychological. It is the condition for the visual appearance of things to a bodily situated observer. Though the perceived space is limited by the horizon, it nonetheless always presents itself as linked to an indeterminately surrounding space spread out in all directions from our bodies. And by reason of the relation between the bodily location of our viewing and that horizon, three-dimensional objects appearing within the horizon are perspectivally shortened, shrinking as they recede from our viewing position. Again, any extended thing only exists in measurable relation to other extended things in its environment. Within the visual field the objects upon which we focus are set off from the others that then appear only marginally or obliquely until we attend to each of them successively. When we do so, the others we attended to earlier become marginal in their turn.
We have spoken as if the viewing subject were immobilized. As a matter of fact we are always changing our visual viewpoint, moving our heads from side to side and moving ourselves bodily to differing positions vis-à-vis the objects present visually. As we do so, the perspectives alter. And yet, they perspectively present themselves as coherently relating to previous perspectives and as linked, immediately and spontaneously, to those that will follow. As conscious subjects we retain the immediately past and expect the immediately following presentation. In fact, what we have previously experienced mediates our expectations as to what will follow the perspectives we have just experienced, not simply in terms of the peculiarities of a given situation, but in terms of empirical objects generally. We expect, for example, that every front will have a back, even though we might have never seen the back of a particular body. We walk around to the other side of the mailbox and see that it has a dent in the back.
2.
Even though our current interest is theoretical, our basic lived relation to the mailbox is not theoretical but practical: we check it to see if we have mail. Seeing is for the sake of apprehending. We go up to it, reach out, and open it. When we do so, its metal sides feel hard and smooth. If in the winter, they would feel cold and usually dry. In the summer they might feel hot and sometimes damp. When I might have first set it on its post, it would have felt rather light. Hardness, smoothness, coldness, dampness, lightness: all are not absolute but relative terms. The sides of the mailbox are harder than the muscle on my arms, slightly tensed when I first carried the box to its current location and installed it; but not as hard as, let’s say, the gaudy diamond ring on my finger. Furthermore, properties such as coldness are relative to the thermal state of the one who takes hold of the object. For one who is hot, it might feel cooler; for one who is cold, it might feel warmer. But though doubly relative—to their opposites and to the bodily state of the one who feels them—that is their objective nature; that