Несчастное животное человек? - Ф. Говард

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им механизмы.

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      В ходе проводимых опытов В. Кёллер открыл понятие «инсайта» и продемонстрировал способность обезьян решать задачи, манипулируя объектами окружающей среды. В опытах Кёллера обезьяна всякий раз попадала в новые ситуации. При этом ей ничего не показывали и не учили, как поступить, чтобы выйти из сложившегося затруднения.

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      В эксперименте Э. Толмена крыс поместили в сложный лабиринт со множеством коридоров и развилок. Толмен обнаружил, что крысы, которые изучали лабиринт в течение нескольких дней, могли эффективно ориентироваться и находить дорогу к награде (еде), даже когда обычный путь был заблокирован. Он предположил, что крысы формируют «когнитивную карту» или внутреннее представление о лабиринте, которое помогает им ориентироваться. Эта гипотеза нашла подкрепение, когда лабиринт залили водой, но крыса столь же безошибочно плыла в нужном направлении.

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