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      Physics, Instrumentation, Spectroscopy, and Imaging

      Yang Xia

      Oakland University

      Rochester, MI, USA

      © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

      The right of Yang Xia to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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      The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Xia, Yang, 1955- author. Title: Essential concepts in MRI : physics, instrumentation, spectroscopy and imaging / Yang Xia, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA. Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021025868 (print) | LCCN 2021025869 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119798217 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119798231 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119798248 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Magnetic resonance imaging. Classification: LCC RC78.7.N83 X53 2022 (print) | LCC RC78.7.N83 (ebook) | DDC 616.07/548--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021025868 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021025869

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      1  Cover

      2  Title page

      3  Copyright

      4  Dedication

      5  Preface

      6 Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction1.2 Major Steps in an NMR or MRI Experiment, and Two Conventions in Direction1.3 Major Milestones in the History of NMR and MRI1.4 The Organization for a One-semester Course

      7 Part I Essential Concepts in NMRChapter 2 Classical Description of Magnetic Resonance2.1 Fundamental Assumptions2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Moment2.3 The Time Evolution of Nuclear Magnetic Moment2.4 Macroscopic Magnetization2.5 Rotating Reference Frame2.6 Spin Relaxation Processes2.7 Bloch Equation2.8 Fourier Transform and Spectral Line Shapes2.9 CW NMR2.10 Radio-frequency Pulses in NMR2.11 FT NMR2.12 Signal Detection in NMR2.13 Phases of the NMR SignalChapter 3 Quantum Mechanical Description of Magnetic Resonance3.1 Nuclear Magnetism3.2 Energy Difference3.3 Macroscopic Magnetization3.4 Measurement of the x Component of Angular Momentum3.5 Macroscopic Magnetization for Spin 1/23.6 Resonant Excitation3.7 Mechanisms of Spin RelaxationChapter 4 Nuclear Interactions4.1 Dipolar Interaction4.2 Chemical Shift Interaction4.3 Scalar Interaction4.4 Quadrupole Interaction4.5 Summary of Nuclear Interactions

      8 Part II Essential Concepts in NMR InstrumentationChapter 5 Instrumentation5.1 Magnets5.2 Radio-frequency Coil, Its Resonant Circuitry, and the Probe5.3 Frequency Management5.4 Transmitter5.5 Receiver5.6 Pulse Programmer and Computer5.7 Other ComponentsChapter 6 NMR Experimental6.1 Shimming6.2 Preparing Samples6.3 Pulse Sequences and FID6.4 Digitization Rate and Digital Resolution6.5 Dynamic Range6.6 Phase Cycling6.7 Data Accumulation6.8 Pre-FFT Processing Techniques6.9 Fast Fourier Transform6.10 Post-FFT

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