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      1 1 “Golden Fleece awards” were given by Senator William Proxmire to publicize projects he believed were wasteful research.

      2 2 As a result of my position as a program director at the National Science Foundation, I had the opportunity to coauthor a number of publications on risk communication with colleagues from other government agencies. For example, with Frederick Allen at the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), I co‐authored the EPA policy document The Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication. With a team of colleagues at EPA, I co‐authored a document titled Communicating Radiation Risks. With John Cohrssen at the White House Council on Environmental Policy, I co‐authored the document Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and Environmental Risks.

      3 3 Lungren, R. and McKakin, A. (2018). Risk Communication: A Handbook for Communicating Environmental, Safety, and Health Risks 6th Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey. IEEE/John Wiley & Sons.

      4 4 Fischhoff, B. (1995). “Risk perception and communication unplugged: Twenty years of process.” Risk Analysis 15(2):137–145.

      5 5 Leiss, W. (1996). “Three phases in the evolution of risk communication practice.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 545(May):85–94.

      6 6 See, e.g., Covello, V.T. (1983). “The perception of technological risks: A literature review”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 23:285–297; Conservation Foundation (1985). Risk Assessment and Risk Control. Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation; Covello, V.T. 1985. “Uses of social and behavioral research on risk.” Environment International 198410:541–545; Covello, V.T., Slovic P., and Winterfeldt D.v. (1986). Risk Communication: A Review of the Literature. Washington, D.C., National Emergency Training Center; Covello, V.T., von Winterfeldt, D., and Slovic, P. (1986). “Communicating scientific information about health and environmental risks: Problems and opportunities from a social and behavioral perspective,” Uncertainties in Risk Assessment and Risk Management ,eds. V. Covello, A. Moghissi, and V.R.R. Uppuluri. New York: Plenum Press. 1986; Covello, V.T., Sandman P., and Slovic P. (1988). Risk Communication, Risk Statistics, and Risk Comparisons. Washington, D.C.: CMA; Covello, V., McCallum, D., and Pavlova M., eds. 1988b. Effective Risk Communication: The Role and Responsibility of Government and Nongovernmental Organizations. New York: Plenum; National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences (1989). Improving Risk Communication. Washington, DC: National Academies Press

      7 7 Covello, V.T., and Sandman, P. (2001). “Risk communication: Evolution and revolution,” in Solutions to an Environment in Peril, ed A. Wolbarst. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press .

      8 8 Since 1945, DDT was available as an agricultural pesticide and as a household insecticide. Over the next 25 years, numerous researchers expressed concerns about the risks associated with DDT, citing dangers such as killing beneficial insects by bringing about the death of fish, birds (e.g., eagles), and other forms of wildlife either by their feeding on insects killed by DDT or directly by ingesting DDT. Outrage was engendered by the publication of a best‐selling book Silent Spring by naturalist Rachel Carson. In 1972, the US Environmental Protection Agency cancelled most uses of DDT, exempting public health uses under specific conditions.

      9 9 Love Canal is a neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York. It is the location of a 70‐acre landfill that became the cause of a massive environmental pollution crisis culminating in an extensive hazardous waste cleanup operation.

      10 10 See, e.g., Covello, V.T., Sandman, P.M., and Slovic, P. (1988). Risk Communication, Risk Statistics, and Risk Comparisons. Washington, DC: CMA; Fischhoff, B. (2009). “Risk perception and communication,”

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