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INTRODUCTION 9.2. MEASURING C_R VALENCE IN GEOLOGICMATERIALS WITH C_R‐K EDGE XANES SPECTROSCOPY 9.3. C_R‐REDOX SYSTEMATICS IN SILICATELIQUIDS: WHAT WE KNOW AND DON’T KNOW 9.4. C_R‐VALENCE SYSTEMATICS INEQUILIBRIUM LIQUID‐OLIVINE PAIRS 9.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 10 The Thermodynamic Controls on Sulfide Saturation in Silicate Melts with Application to Ocean Floor Basalts 10.1. INTRODUCTION 10.2. SULFIDE CAPACITY 10.3. THE THERMODYNAMIC MEANING OF THE SULFIDE CAPACITY 10.4. A NEW PARAMETERIZATION OF SULFIDE CAPACITY FOR BASALTIC MELTS 10.5. SULFIDE CONTENT AT SULFIDE SATURATION (SCSS) 10.6. APPLICATION TO MID‐OCEAN RIDGE AND SIMILAR BASALTS 10.7. THE SULFUR FUGACITY (f S₂) OF OCEAN FLOOR BASALTS 10.8. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 11 Redox State of Volatiles and Their Relationships with Iron in Silicate Melts 11.1. INTRODUCTION 11.2. WATER CONCENTRATION IN MELT AND ITS EFFECT ON REDOX 11.3. THE SULFUR SPECIES AND THE REDOX (FE³⁺/∑FE Ratio) OF SILICATE MELTS 11.4. NATURAL SYSTEMS: MAGMA DEGASSING AND REDOX 11.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 12 Iron in Silicate Glasses and Melts 12.1. INTRODUCTION 12.2. IRON DISTRIBUTION IN THE DIFFERENT TERRESTRIAL ENVELOPES 12.3. REDOX EQUILIBRIUM IN MELTS 12.4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: HIGHLIGHTS ON DENSITY AND VISCOSITY 12.5. INFLUENCES ON CRYSTALLIZATION AND DEGASSING IN MAGMATIC SYSTEMS 12.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

      10  Part III: Tools and Techniques to Characterize the Redox and its Effect on Isotope Partitioning 13 How to Measure the Oxidation State of Multivalent Elements in Minerals, Glasses, and Melts? 13.1. INTRODUCTION 13.2. WET‐CHEMICAL ANALYSES 13.3. ELECTRONIC MICROPROBE 13.4. MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY 13.5. OPTICAL ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 13.6. X‐RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 13.7. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 13.8. IN SITU REDOX DETERMINATION AT HIGH TEMPERATURE OR AT HIGH PRESSURE 13.9. CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 14 Oxidation State, Coordination, and Covalency Controls on Iron Isotopic Fractionation in Earth’s Mantle and Crust 14.1. INTRODUCTION 14.2. THEORY: EQUILIBRIUM ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION FROM VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES 14.3. CALCULATION OF VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES 14.4. IRON ISOTOPE STUDIES BASED ON NRIXS OR DFT 14.5. COMPARISON OF EQUILIBRIUM FRACTIONATION FACTORS DERIVED FROM VARIOUS TECHNIQUES 14.6. PARAMETERS CONTROLLING EQUILIBRIUM FRACTIONATION FACTORS 14.7. SELECTED APPLICATIONS TO THE INTERPRETATION OF IRON ISOTOPIC VARIATIONS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS 14.8. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 15 The Role of Redox Processes in Determining the Iron Isotope Compositions of Minerals, Melts, and Fluids 15.1. INTRODUCTION 15.2. PRINCIPLES AND NOMENCLATURE 15.3. METHODS FOR THE CALIBRATION OF IRON ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION FACTORS 15.4. FUNDAMENTAL CONTROLS ON ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION BETWEEN MINERALS, MELTS, AND FLUIDS 15.5. EFFECT OF REDOX PROCESSES IN INFLUENCING IRON ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION IN NATURAL SYSTEMS 15.6. CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 16 Zinc and Copper Isotopes as Tracers of Redox Processes 16.1.

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