LITMIR.BIZ

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was the heart that fires

      The eloquent tongue, and his the eye whose aim

      Alone half quelled his foe. He struck for Power,

      (And power in England is a hero's prize)

      Yet he could throw it from him. Those whose eyes

      See not for tears, remember in this hour

      That he was oft from Homer's page beguiled

      To frame some "wonder for a happy child."

      The resignation by Lord Malmesbury, formerly Foreign Secretary, of the Conservative leadership of the House of Lords about the same time met with no such consideration. Lord Malmesbury had never been a favourite of Punch, who insinuated that the Tory leader had gone because he was obliged to, and quoted Artemus Ward's saying: "He told me to get out of the office – I pitied him and went."

      The fateful year of 1870 opened with the attempt to establish a "Liberal" Empire in France with Ollivier as Prime Minister, a concession which Punch hailed as a "Magna Charta for France"; almost simultaneously Lord Clarendon, our Foreign Minister, with Gladstone's cordial approval, launched his suggestion of a partial simultaneous disarmament, a proposal rendered futile by the attitude of Bismarck. Lord Clarendon died on June 27, and his successor, Lord Granville, was informed by the Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office that he "had never during his long experience known so great a lull in foreign affairs." Yet war had already been declared by France when Punch, on July 23, issued his somewhat cynical manifesto of neutrality under the heading: "Prussian Pot and French Kettle": —

      In this unhappy event of a war between France and Prussia, we shall of course do all we can to preserve the most perfect neutrality. We certainly feel it. Our sympathies with the one side and the other are, strong as they are, exactly equal.

      As regards the Prussians we take a warmly admiring interest in the course of aggrandisement which their King and his Bismarck have been pursuing of late years, but most chiefly do we applaud its first step – the attack on Denmark, and the forcible annexation therefrom of the two Duchies. The immense number of Danes slain by the Prussian needle-guns commands our approbation only less than our wonder; but what crowns the sentiments with which we regard the spoliation and destruction of the Danes is the piety wherewith the author of those achievements solemnly expressed his thankfulness for having been permitted to accomplish them. One brother once knelt with Mrs. Fry in Newgate. The other might have knelt with Mrs. Cole.

      On the other hand, with respect to France, we cannot but feel how much we owe to the French Imperial Government for the improvement which, by the menacing armaments it has kept up now for so many years, it has occasioned us to make in our national defences. But we have higher reasons for sympathy with France than considerations which are merely insular and selfish. The great principles of Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality have been professed by France more enthusiastically and more loudly than by any other European nation; and we behold their standing reduction to practice in the occupation of Rome, and the declaration that the chief of Italian cities shall never belong to Italy.

      The foregoing reasons should satisfy any Prussian and any Frenchman of the perfect impartiality with which Englishmen must contemplate hostilities between their respective nations.

      As a matter of fact, public opinion in England at the outbreak of the war was in the main inclined to favour Germany; the publication of the Draft Secret Treaty submitted to Bismarck by Louis Napoleon in 1867, providing in certain contingencies for the occupation of Belgium by France, and now communicated by Bismarck to The Times went a long way to sterilize sympathy with France; and it was not until after Sedan that compassion for France overwhelmed and obliterated the old distrust of the Emperor's intriguing ambitions. When the cry, "nous sommes trahis" was raised, Punch blamed the French nation more than the Emperor, whom he had portrayed in a famous cartoon with the ghost of Napoleon appearing to him as he set out for the front. As the wheels of war drove more heavily on French soil and Paris was threatened with famine, one notices the growing desire that Germany should grant generous terms, mingled with a sense of impotence. This mood is well shown in the verses, "Between the Hosts," printed in the number of December 17: —

      Like him of old, when the plague's arrows sped,

      And life sank blighted by that scathing rain,

      We stand between the living and the dead,

      Lifting our hands and prayers to Heaven in vain.

      While those that faint upbraid us from dim eyes,

      And those that fight arraign us as they fall,

      And French and German curses 'gainst us rise,

      And, hating none, we rest unloved of all.

      And so we stand with a divided soul,

      Our sympathies for both at war within,

      Now eager for the strong, to reach his goal,

      More often wishing that the weak could win.

      Only one feeling will not leave our minds,

      Hate of this hate, and anguish of this woe;

      And still war's scythe-set car rolls on and grinds

      Guilty and guiltless, blent in overthrow.

      And first we interpose a useless hand,

      And then we lift an unavailing voice,

      While still Death holds his way with sword and brand,

      Still the Valkyrier make their fatal choice.

      Still stormed on by ill-will from either side,

      Be we content to do the best we can —

      Give all that wealth, peace, goodwill can provide,

      For war's poor victims who their helpers ban.

      We have no right to wait for men's good word,

      No right to pause before men's unearned hate:

      No right to turn the ear, when threats are heard

      Of what will, some day, be the neutral's fate.

      "Do right and fear not" must be England's stay,

      As it has been, let wrath say what it will.

      So with love's unthanked labour let us pray,

      And do our best to ease war's weight of ill!

      1871 – and its Sequel

      In the autumn the consideration shown by some German troops in Champagne is welcomed; by the end of the year the reply of Göttingen University to an appeal protesting against the threatened destruction of the scientific and art treasures of Paris – a document breathing the familiar spirit of unctuous rectitude – roused Punch to indignant satire in "A Deutscher Dove-Coo," the name of the principal signatory being Dove. So a month later the pseudo-Walpolian letters issued as "Strawberry Leaves" reflect the popular disgust with which German brutality was viewed, but at the same time the popular dislike of England's participating in the war. When the siege of Paris ended at the close of the month, Punch congratulated Thiers on his statesmanship, but rebuked the Parisians for their fickleness in heaping insult on their fallen Emperor. The Germans entered Paris, but in the cartoon of March 11, and the accompanying verses "Vae Victis" a warning was addressed to Germany which has turned out to be a true prophecy. The triumph is admitted, but the sequel is clearly foreshadowed: —

      Yet listen, conqueror, while the shade,

      That should sit near thee in thy car,

      Whispers how quickly laurels fade,

      How swiftly shift the sands of war;

      How, sixty-five years since, there came

      A mightier Emperor than thou,

      Upon Berlin to put the shame

      Which thy hand puts on Paris now.

      Even as thy heel is on their head,

      That on thy folks' head set their

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